problems and solutions in building facade design

In recent decades, software that has revolutionized the facade design of commercial and office buildings has grown and developed a lot. Computers have made it possible to design three-dimensional facades and thus process the defined form. Three-dimensional forms that seem to be digitally malleable are extruded, added, subtracted, and deformed. Research and search for strong and lightweight materials, stronger insulation, dynamic and interactive materials to realize these forms in the facade, has created extraordinary materials. In addition to the wide range of specialized glass, perhaps the most amazing of which is carbon fiber, composites and hundreds of organic and inorganic specialized materials such as Graphene, which is lightweight but 200 times stronger steel and almost transparent and superconducting. کرد. We have reached a point where we can design and simulate complex forms and turn them into a commercial and functional office facade that has physical truth. These functional views create energy circulation in the interior of the building and its surroundings. There are advantages and disadvantages, some intentional and some unintentional. The intersection of technique and technology has become both amazing and terrifying, and it represents a need and opportunity to reorganize our thoughts about these events.

Early architectural software such as AutoCAD, Versace, and StarCode were alternatives to drafting that included plans, views, sections, and detail maps, and were in fact a 2D space assembly. It was possible to extrude these plans vertically. This was followed by 3D volumes that could be manipulated with the commands twist, rotate, orbit, etc. to create complex new forms. Surface mapping and algorithms became common. Finally, NURBs were invented that made it possible to change each level of a three-dimensional volume individually. Software such as Sketch up, Rhino, Maya, 3Ds max and other similar software were released. In parallel with these events, software such as Revit began evaluating different parts of the building by recognizing the properties of the materials to decide their location in the project in 3D. Obtaining a list of materials used and the amount of each in the building became possible. Cost estimation was possible in the early stages of design. Clash Detection was created. Place and form were objectively created. Different parts were made digitally. It provided a unique opportunity for personal tastes. At the same time, building materials have improved significantly in terms of properties and performance. Reflective and low-e glasses were launched.

Eventually all of these changes converged to create large geometric surfaces with high accuracy and efficiency. The architects believed that they could design any form for the building facade, and that the design was workable, which was also a good idea. They also believed that any problem could be solved by using miraculous building materials, and with this thinking they absolved themselves of any responsibility for what happens inside or outside the building due to their decisions in designing and using materials. They acquitted. Instead of following the form of a climate-responsive logic, it became an impractical, extreme, and complex form. In this way, the facade lost its true meaning and was replaced by a false facade.

                             
 

More than that, we can talk about the problems of designing the facade of a building for commercial-office purposes, but the main problem is clear. Designers need a new facade model and theory that takes into account the factors needed to predict catastrophic advantages and disadvantages.

One of the best ways to understand and analyze high-volume data is to use similar patterns of behavior and categorize them. Using a method that has been used in the past and has been successful can be a good starting point. One of these methods is to classify the large amount of taxonomy information that is based on the naming of the body's biological system.

According to this classification, building facades are divided into three main categories based on their use, type of material and number of layers.
 

• Skin

• Filter

• Spatial

Skin

 

This category of views is defined as a single-layer skin. The main example of this group is the glass facades of buildings of the early modern period of architecture. The separate structure and facade of the building are hung in the form of a layer of skin from the structure. To better understand the relationship between this type of facade and the building can be compared with the relationship between body organs and skin. The skin of the human body is composed of several layers, but the layers are connected and act as a single organ and do not look inherently and fundamentally different from different angles. These rules are not inviolable in the case of construction, but define the basic characteristics and nature of facade design.
 

The skin is usually in the form of a single texture, different types of glass may be combined to form a particular type of glass. During the process of designing the facade of a commercial building, the architect identifies the problems to define the form and create an impression of it, and the consultants suggest a facade that provides the desired results. It is noteworthy that great materials like Graphene can have a good future in this type of facade.

Advantages and disadvantages

 

Skins are easy and quick to make and easy to clean and maintain. Provides the most rentable space in the building and creates the cleanest forms in terms of aesthetics.

These types of building facades can not be easily optimized due to being constant in the direction of light radiation and in most cases can not be a good response to special climatic conditions. In addition, they tend to have problems with reflection and can not easily absorb or repel light, especially from certain angles.

Finally, there is the need to produce glasses with the correct adjustment of the selected wavelength. Low-e glass, reflectors and delicate surfaces are combined to achieve the ideal glass properties. But as a composite product, glass becomes a sustainability problem. Glass can be recycled almost indefinitely if not mixed with other impurities. But the materials that give glass its selective properties and make it unique make it very difficult to recycle glass. Expensive glass facade becomes a costly contaminant in the next melting of glass.  

Filter
 

                                                              

 

Facades of commercial office buildings in this category are composed of several layers. They may be sunscreen, rainproof, or sunscreens. Each layer can be dealt with individually dynamically and with a different phenomenon. The building covering, which is the physical separator between indoor and outdoor environments, is basically the last layer unless there is a layer for daylight or sunlight control. Layers can be oriented individually to external stimuli such as the sun. Filters are often made in separate layers in the building facade, although all layers can be designed and manufactured as a single coating.

                              
 

Advantages and disadvantages

 

Filters solve many skin problems. They can repel sunlight from certain angles and reflect it to the sky, or they can absorb it and cool the absorber surface using the heat transfer method to the outside space.

Downward reflections can be reduced or eliminated. Polished surfaces with high reflectivity are completely unnecessary. Glass can protect the facade of the building using articulation without extensive changes.

Facade problems arise from more complex buildings, especially expensive parts. Maintenance and especially cleaning of the building facade can be more difficult. The likelihood of environmental damage increases. Wind power needs to be controlled and investigated. Dust and erosion are more likely. Dynamic filters assembled from different layers, which was an exciting choice, turn into an expensive mechanism that tends to be affected by dust and moisture.

Spatial

 

Spatial views can actually be a deep filter or a way to organize the spaces of a building so that the boundary between the interior and exterior of the building is not clear.

Franca Trubiano states that these types of views are not a separate member or cover, but are spatial phenomena by which the covered space can be occupied and considered as a buffer zone. In other words, this type of facade is not just a layered covering, but a building that surrounds another building or an outer room that consists of a landscape.

You also have information on the design and implementation of the facade, by sharing it to help improve the facade of the building and thus the appearance of the city . You can share your experience through comments and contacting us.